By early 1942, Australia’s male population was scattered throughout the former British Empire with with forces in Britain, the Middle East and in Malaya. As in previous wars, women became active in contributing to Australia’s defence with the Women’s Auxiliary Air Force formed in April 1941, and the Women’s Royal Australian Naval Service formed the same month.
At the outbreak of World War II, Voluntary Aid Detachments were put under military control and in August 1941 the Military Board gave approval for VAD women to serve in hospitals and overseas with the army.
On 10 December 1941, three days after the Japanese bombing of Pearl Harbor, an evacuation order was issued to Darwin residents. By 18 February 1942, apart from Army nurses, fewer than 70 women remained in Darwin, including secretaries, nurses, telephonists, court stenographers, maids, the family of the Postmaster, and Hilda Abbott, the wife of the Government Administrator. They included European, Chinese and Aboriginal women and at least seven lost their lives during the air raids of 19 February 1942, six of them at the Darwin Post Office – including the Postmaster’s wife and daughter – and an Aboriginal, Daisy Martin, at Government House.
Many women stayed on in the Territory, at stations and in townships south of Mataranka. Others tried to stay, including Fanny Haynes, the owner of the Federation Hotel at Brocks Creek, who was forcibly removed. At Tennant Creek the ladies of the Country Women’s Association gained the respect of literally hundreds of thousands of young troops as they handed out tea and cakes to the convoys passing through.
Army nurses were based in Darwin from mid-1941 when 119 Australian General Hospital was established at Bagot Compound. They were the only serving women north of Katherine and occupied a new site at Berrimah in January 1942. Despite being strafed at Berrimah on 19 February they tended many wounded, some working continuously for 36 hours or more. Civilian nurses at the Darwin General Hospital were no less busy and all women in Darwin that day were described as heroines. Nurse Letty Cuttahey recalls caring for the injured.
Other Australian General Hospitals followed, at Katherine and Alice Springs, and by mid-1942 servicewomen became a more common sight in the Territory. The Army established a series of Australian Camp Hospitals, such as the 45 Australian Camp Hospital in Larrimah to cater for the convoys and local areas, while the RAAF set up No. 1 Medical Receiving Station at Coomalie Creek to tend to the RAAF at nearby airfields. In Tennant Creek, the former buildings of the 55 Australian Camp Hospital were named Tuxworth Fullwood House for two local identities and are entered in the Northern Territory Heritage Register.
Audio:Letty Cuttahey, nurse
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We were supposed to be in by 10.30 at night, and if we went out, we had to go and get a leave pass and then bring it back. And if some of the units or some of the RAAF squadrons wanted to invite us up officially, they’d send an invitation to the matron, who’d put it on the board, and then we’d put our names down, and she’d notify them of how many were going – ten or whatever was available and wanted to go, and then they’d send down a buggy or some transport and an officer.
And then when we got back complete with the leave pass, I used to have to go to the Matron’s quarters which were separate from ours. And she’d be sitting up in bed reading a book, and you’d have to present her with the leave pass, and give her the night’s activities (censored). And then you’d say good night and trot off. But a lot of us, including myself, when we were going out privately, didn’t altogether worry about leave passes.
We used to go out, the sentry boys on sentry duty at the guard box, they were very “blind”. We’d go out and say goodnight and they’d say goodnight with a little grin on their face. And then we’d go out with our escorts and when we’d come back we’d get them to stop a good way before the guard box, and then we’d go through the bush. And at that stage there were enormous goannas running around the bush. And then we’d sneak in the back way and sneak into our quarters (laughs).
US servicewomen also served in the Territory, with 86 Station Hospital, which set up a facility near Fenton Airfield in mid-1943. They tended the wounded of the 380th Bombardment Group of the USAAF before moving to Nightcliff, near Darwin, in late 1944. Red Cross ladies also assisted at USAAF airfields and US, British and Australian female film and radio stars travelled with the USO concert shows in the region.
By late 1944 servicewomen were a common sight in Darwin, taking on naval signals and cipher duties, nursing, ordnance, pay and records, intelligence, canteens, legal services and a host of other roles. There were also social activities, with open-air theatre, dances and off-duty picnics.